制高点-第6部分
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ity。 But the Great Depression continued to cast its long shadow。
三个战时盟国的最后一次首脑会议在柏林郊区的波茨坦举行。杜鲁门、邱吉尔和斯大林开始筹划和平并重新划分欧洲版图。他们不同的经济体制为繁荣提供了可供选择的道路,但是仍继续长期处在大萧条的阴影之下。
JEFFREY SACHS: There's no doubt that at the end of World War II there was a tremendous loss of faith in the market economy。 You had a feeling in large parts of the world; ";We don't want to go that way。 We want to go a better way。";
杰裴里。萨克斯:毫无疑问,二战结束时人们对市场经济的信心遭到了极大打击。世界上很多地方都有这种感觉,“我们不想重蹈覆辙,我们想走一条更好的路。”
Chapter 7: Planning the Peace '6:47'
第七章:筹划和平
Onscreen title: Britain; 1945
字幕标题:柏林,1945年
NARRATOR: In Britain; the troops were ing home to a general election。
旁白:在英国,军队返回家园并进行大选。
TONY BENN; Labor Candidate; 1945: Well; I came back in a troop ship in the summer of 1945; and I was a pilot in the Royal Air Force; and I was picked as a 19…year…old to be the Labor candidate。 All these soldiers said; ";Never again。 We're never going back to unemployment; the Great Depression; to fascism; to rearmament。 We want to build a new society。";
TONY BENN,工党候选人,1945年:1945年夏天我坐军队的船回来,我是皇家空军的一名飞行员。19岁的我被推选为工党候选人。所有的战士都说:“再也不会了。我们再也不会失业,不会有大萧条,不会有法西斯主义,也不会重整军备了。我们想要建设一个新社会。”
NARRATOR: During the dark war years; Britain had been governed by a coalition of conservatives and socialists。 Winston Churchill; the great wartime leader and head of the Conservative Party; expected an easy victory。 Everywhere he went; huge crowds turned out to cheer the nation's hero。
旁白:在黑暗的战争年代,英国由保守党和社会主义者共同统治。温斯顿 ?邱吉尔-伟大的战时领导人和保守党领袖预期将很轻松地赢得胜利。无论他去到哪里,都有无数人为这位国家英雄欢呼。
Heading the campaign against Churchill was Clement Attlee; leader of the Labor Party。 Attlee argued that Britain had planned the war; and now planning would win the peace。
领导反对邱吉尔运动的是克莱门特?艾德礼,他是工党领袖。他争论说英国在战时作计划,现在计划将赢得和平。
BARBARA CASTLE; Labor MP; 1945…1979: We knew that our people would never have withstood the bombardments and the loss of life and the hardship if they hadn't been confident that their government was operating a policy of fair shares。 We set out to ensure that this system of fair shares and the planning and controls continued after the war。
BARBARA CASTLE,工党下院议员,1945-1979年:我们知道如果不是人民确信政府正实行公平参与地政策,那么他们决不会经得住炮轰、死亡和困难。我们宣布保证这个公平参与的体制以及计划和控制在战后仍会继续。
NARRATOR: Churchill; who was influenced by Hayek's book The Road to Serfdom; opposed planning and controls。
旁白:受哈耶克《通往奴役之路》一书影响的邱吉尔反对计划和控制。
WINSTON CHURCHILL: No socialist system can be established without a political police; some form of Gestapo。
温斯顿。邱吉尔:如果没有政治警察-某种形式的盖世太保,任何社会主义制度都无法建立。
RALPH HARRIS; Institute of Economic Affairs; 1957…1987: He got carried away with this Gestapo。 And this; of course; was carrying things to absurdity …… Gestapo in Britain!
RALPH HARRIS,经济问题研究所,1957-1987年:他陶醉于这个盖世太保论,而这当然把事情引向了谬论-英国盖世太保!
NARRATOR: Attlee; a mild…mannered Christian Socialist; gave Churchill's gaffe a sinister spin。
旁白:艾德礼这位温文有礼的基督徒和社会主义者。
RALPH HARRIS: Attlee actually went out of his way to refer to this foreign professor with this august 'name'; Friedrich August von Hayek …… this foreign chap with a slightly German accent。
RALPH HARRIS:事实上艾德礼在尽力打听这个外国教授,Friedrich August von Hayek-一个有着轻微德国口音的外国家伙。
NARRATOR: Britain went to the polls。 The result was sensational。
旁白:英国人开始投票了。投票结果令人惊讶。
BBC RADIO NEWS: Here is the state of the parties up to 3:00; in detail: Conservatives 180; Labor 364。
BBC广播消息:到3:00为止,得票情况为保守党180,工党364。
NARRATOR: Churchill was out。 The people had voted for a new socialist Britain。
旁白:邱吉尔输了。人们投票选举了一个社会主义者。
BARBARA CASTLE: The Labor Party swept to power simply because the vast majority of people; particularly those men and women in the fighting forces who'd lived through the dreadful Depression years of the '30s; just said; ";Churchill's done a fine job of war leader; but we don't trust him to win the peace。";
BARBARA CASTLE:工党获胜仅仅是因为绝大多数人,尤其是军队中那些从可怕的大萧条中活过来的人认为“邱吉尔作为战时领导人表现很好,但我们不信任他能够赢得和平。”
LEMENT ATTLEE: What kind of society do you want?
克莱门特。艾德礼:你想要哪种社会?
NARRATOR: Attlee promised his party that they would build a new Jerusalem。
旁白:艾德礼承诺他的党将把英国建成天堂。
CLEMENT ATTLEE: Let's go forward into this fight in the spirit of William Blake: ";I will not cease from mental fight; nor shall the sword sleep in my hand; till we have built Jerusalem in England's green and pleasant land。";
克莱门特。艾德礼:让我们以William Blake的精神来进行战斗吧,“直到我们在英格兰美丽的绿色大地上建立了天堂,我才会停止精神斗争,才会让剑在我手中沉睡。”
NARRATOR: William Blake's hymn ";Jerusalem"; became an anthem for the Labor movement。
旁白:William Blake赞美诗中的“耶路撒冷”成了工人运动的圣歌。
BARBARA CASTLE: You know; it seemed to people who'd been through a war; it seemed to them natural justice。 Why not pool your resources? And so we broke into the concept of the sacredness of private property。
BARBARA CASTLE:你知道,这对那些从战争中活下来的人来说是很自然的。为什么不共享资源呢?因此我们打破了私有财产神圣不可侵犯的观念。
NARRATOR: When Labor took power; private owners were pelled to sell their businesses。 Labor created a ";mixed economy"; in which newly nationalized industries coexisted with private enterprise。 Now government…owned industries like coal; rail; and steel no longer enriched owners and shareholders; but worked for the mon good。
旁白:工党掌权后,私人业主被强迫卖掉他们的企业。工党创造了一种“混合经济”,在这种经济中国有企业和私人企业并存。现在公有行业(例如煤炭、铁路和钢铁)再也不是为业主和股东谋利益的,而是为公共利益服务的。
TONY BENN: So it was an act of regeneration; of renewal。 That was the hope; and it was the hope that gave us the welfare state; gave us the National Health Service; gave us full employment; gave us trade union rights; really rebuilt the country from the bottom up。
TONY BENN:因此这是一个重建和更新的行动。它是一个希望,一个建立福利国家的希望。它让我们拥有国民医疗服务制度、充分就业和工会权利;真正将国家从底向上重建了。
NARRATOR: The welfare state provided care; free of charge; ";from womb to tomb。"; Nobody; rich or poor; would need to fear poverty; ignorance; unemployment; ill health; or old age。
旁白:福利国家为公民提供“从出生到死亡”的照管。无论是富人还是穷人都不需要担心贫困、缺乏教育、失业、疾病或年老。
TONY BENN: And people said; ";This is better than allowing a lot of gamblers to run the world; where they're not interested in us; but only in profit。";
TONY BENN:人们说:“这比让许多赌徒掌管世界要好。这些赌徒不关心我们,他们只对利润有兴趣。”
NARRATOR: Russia ended the war as a military and industrial giant。 With the Red Army and the Secret Police; Stalin imposed his economic system on half of Europe。
旁白:作为一个军事和工业巨人,俄国结束了这场战争。在红军和秘密警察的帮助下,斯大林把他的经济制度强加给半个欧洲。
JEFFREY SACHS: The planned economy of Lenin and Stalin had defeated fascism。 Scientific socialism seemed to be in the ascendancy。
杰裴里。萨克斯:列宁和斯大林的计划经济打败了法西斯主义。科学社会主义似乎处于优势地位。
NARRATOR: Socialism was on the march; capitalism and free markets were on the retreat。
旁白:社会主义在前进;资本主义和自由市场在退却。
JEFFREY SACHS: So about one…third of the world adopted socialism; sometimes to internal revolution; s