制高点-第14部分
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ting at our innards； so the need was to slay that dragon。
PAUL VOLCKER：有一点通货膨胀是好事情，这被认为什凯恩斯模式的一部分。当然那时候发生的事情是有一点通货膨胀，然后你还需要一点，因为这可以刺激经济。但是当人们已经习惯了的时候，这种方法就无效了。就像抗生素一样，你需要一种新的抗生素；以后你还会再需要其其它新的抗生素。噢，我当然认为通货膨胀是吞吃我们财富的恶龙，所以我们要做的就是杀死这条龙。
NARRATOR： Volcker used a blunt weapon： He tightened the money supply。 The economy went into a nosedive。 Facing a presidential election； Carter was reluctant to back such harsh measures。
旁白：Volcker使用了一件钝武器：他减少了货币供给。经济发展急剧减速。面临总统选举的卡特不情愿支持这么一项严厉的措施。
Carter's rival was the Republican Ronald Reagan。 Reagan shared the same economic philosophy as Margaret Thatcher。 For over 20 years； he had been campaigning against the Keynesian orthodoxy and for Hayek and Friedman's ideas of free markets and freedom。
卡特的对手是共和党人罗纳德。里根。里根与玛格丽特。撒切尔地经济观点一致。二十多年里他一直参加反对正统凯恩斯主义和支持哈耶克与弗里德曼关于自由市场和自由的观点的活动。
NEWT GINGRICH； Speaker； ； 1995…1999： Reagan knew Hayek personally； he knew Milton Friedman personally。 And Reagan was； in a sense； their popularizer。 So he was the person who would take these people who were very profound but not very easy to municate。 I don't think you'd ever get Hayek on the Today show； but you could get Reagan explaining the core of Hayek with better examples and in more understandable language。
NEWT GINGRICH，美国众议院议长，1995－1999年：里根认识哈耶克；他也认识米尔顿。弗里德曼。在某种意义上里根是他们的普及者。因此他就是那个推广这些造诣精神但不容易沟通者的思想的人。我想你不曾让哈耶克上今日节目，但你可以让里根用更好的例子和更易懂的预言来解释哈耶克思想的核心。
RONALD REAGAN； ； 1981…1989： Vote for me； if you believe in yourself； if you believe in your right to control your own destiny and plan your own life； yes； and have a say in the spending of your own money。
里根，美国总统，1981－1989年：如果你相信你自己，如果你坚信你掌握决定自己命运和规划自己生活的权力（是的，你对于如何花自己的钱有发言权），那么请投我一票。
The president is going to have more government on the backs of the people and of business and of industry； the working people； in order to try to solve the problems that were created by too much government on our backs。
为了解决太多的政府干预所造成的问题，总统将对人民、企业和行业进行更多的政府干预。
We can get government off our backs； out of our pockets。 This kind of indifference to economic disaster must be ended； and it'll be ended by having a different kind of leadership。
我们可以不受政府的干预；这种对经济灾难的漠不关心必须结束；可以通过一种完全不同的领导来结束它。
NARRATOR： The American people voted for change； and Reagan became president。
旁白：美国人投了变革的票，里根当选为总统。
MILTON FRIEDMAN： The situation was this： The only way you could get the inflation down was by having monetary contraction。 There was no way you could do that without having a temporary recession。
弗里德曼：形势是这样的：降低通货膨胀率的唯一方法是收紧银根，而这必然引起暂时的衰退。
GEORGE SHULTZ： Obviously； who wants a recession？ But I can remember President Reagan using those famous words： "；If not now； when？ If not us； who？"；
GEORGE SHULTZ：很明显，谁希望经济衰退？但我记得里根总统那句著名的话：“如果不是现在，那是什么时候？如果不是我们，那是谁？”
NARRATOR： Reagan offered Volcker his moral support in the fight against inflation。 As Volcker tightened the money supply； the economy slowed and contracted。 Unemployment hit 10 percent。 Nobody had realized quite how tough it would be。
旁白：在与通货膨胀的斗争中里根为Volcker提供了道义上的支持。随着Volcker减少货币供给，经济开始减速和紧缩。失业率达到了10％。没有人意识到这将是多么困难的一件事。
All across the heartland of America； ordinary people were hurting。
整个美国的普通人都受到损害。
DARREN SMITH； Farmer： Well； the interest rates； that just eats up your profit。 It bees very difficult to keep your business running right。 Nineteen eighties； the interest rates were up to 20 percent or better。 It was very interesting times。 I remember； you know； cash flows got very tight as things got tighter and tougher。 Creditors forced sales …… you know； "；e up with the cash or we're going to have to liquidate you。"； It's a hole that almost seems impossible that you can get out of。
DARREN SMITH，农场主：噢，利率，吞噬了你的利润。保持企业正常运转变得非常困难。利率达到20％或者更高。这是一个非常有趣的时代。我记得，你知道，随着生意变得越来越无利可图和困难，现金流也越来越紧。债权人在施加压力－你知道，“拿出钱来，否则我们就清算你。”这看起来几乎是一个你不可能摆脱的困境。
PAUL VOLCKER： If you had told me in August of 1979 that interest rates； the prime rate would get to ； I probably would have crawled into a hole。 I would have crawled into a hole and cried； I suppose。 But then we lived through it。 （laughs）
PAUL VOLCKER：如果你在1979年8月告诉我利率，基本利率将达到，那么我可能已经陷入了困境。我想，我本应该已经陷入困境，在那里哭泣的。但是那时我们挺过来了。（笑）
NARRATOR： It had taken three years …… three years of growing public anger； three years of real hardship for millions of Americans。 But by 1982； the dragon of inflation had been slain。
旁白：这持续了三年－这三年是公众的愤怒情绪不断增强的时期，也是对数百万美国人来说真正困难的时期。但是到1982年的时候，通货膨胀这条恶龙已经被消灭了。
PAUL VOLCKER： What changed drastically in the 1980s and running through today is the kind of presumption that inflation is bad。 The primary job of a central bank is to prevent inflation。 That's a very different environment than the '50s and '60s。
PAUL VOLCKER：“通货膨胀是糟糕的事情"；这个假定是经过八十年代的激烈变化确立的，并且一直使用到今天。中央银行的基本职责就是防止发生通货膨胀。这 与五十年代和六十年代的情况完全不同。
ANNOUNCER： Ladies and gentlemen； the president of the United States。
广播员：女士们、先生们，美国总统。
NARRATOR： Reagan and Volcker had set the United States on a new economic course。
旁白：里根和Volcker根据全新的经济路线改变了美国。
RONALD REAGAN： From our very first day； we have been working to undo the economic wreckage they left behind。
里根：从第一天开始，我们就在为解放他们留下的经济桎梏而工作。
NARRATOR： They called his policy Reaganomics。 It had four key elements。
旁白：他们把他的政策称之为里根经济政策，它包括四个关键要素。
LARRY LINDSEY： The first was the concept of sound money。 The second was deregulation。 The third was modest tax rates。 And the fourth was limited government spending。 Sounds pretty conventional now； but when Reagan was elected； he was vilified by his opponents as being some radical extremist。
LARRY LINDSEY：第一个是健全通货的概念；第二个是取消管制；第三个是合适的税率；第四个是限制政府支出。这些在现在看来是非常普通的，但当年里根却被他的对手辱骂为极端激进分子。
RONALD REAGAN： They just can't accept that their discredited policies of tax and tax； spend and spend； are at the root of our current problems。
里根：他们只是不能接受他们丧失了信用的税收和开支政策恰恰是通货问题的根源。
NARRATOR： Reagan's tax cuts； the biggest in history； led to huge deficits。 But the economy started to grow steadily again。
旁白：里根实行的历史上最大规模的减税导致了巨额财政赤字，但是经济开始再次稳步增长。
MILTON FRIEDMAN： There's no doubt in my mind that those actions of Reagan； lowering tax rates； plus his emphasis on deregulating unleashed the basic constructive forces of the free market； and from 1983 on； it's been almost entirely up。
弗里德曼：我毫不怀疑里根的那些措施－减税，再加上他强调取消管制，让自由市场基本的建设性力量发挥作用，所以从1983年至今，经济几乎一直在增长。
Chapter 17： War in the South Atlantic ＇1：41＇
第十七章：南大西洋上的战争
Onscreen title： Atlantic Ocean； 1982
字幕：大西洋，1982年
NARRATOR： Far away in the South Atlantic； a British expeditionary force was at sea。 Argentina had seized the Falkland Islands from Britain。 Margaret Thatcher risked a war to make the islands British once again。
旁白：一支英国远征军正在南大西洋上�
