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交易成本经济学-第16部分

小说: 交易成本经济学 字数: 每页4000字

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  Gilson; Ronald: The Law and Finance of Corporate Acquisitions Mineola; NY: Foundaton Press 1986
  Goldberg; Victor: “Regulation and administered contracts”, Bell Journal of Economics; 7:426~452 1976
  Gros*an; Sanford J and Oliver D Hart:  “The costs and benefits of ownership: A theory of vertical and lateral integration”, Journal of Political Economy; 94:691~719 1986
  Hadfield; Gillian: “Problematic relations: Franchising and the law of inplete contracts”, Stanford Law Review; 42:927~992 1990书包 网 。 想看书来

比较经济组织:对离散组织结构选择的分析(18)
Hamilton; Gary; and Nicole Biggart: “Market; culture and authority”, American Journal of Sociology(Supplement)94:S52~S94 1988
  Hayek; Friedrich: “The use of knowledge in society”, American Economic Review; 35:519~530 1945
  Holmstrom; Bengt: “Agency costs and innovation”, Journal of Economic Beh*ior and Organization; 12:305~3271989
  Holmstrom; Bengt; and Paul Milgrom: “Multitask principalagent analysis”, Journal of Law; Economics; and Organization (in press) 1991
  International Herald Tribune: “Soviet economic development”,June 5:5 1990
  Jensen; Michael; and William Meckling: “Theory of the firm: Managerial beh*ior; agency costs and capital structure”, Journal of Financial Economics; 3:305~360 1976
  Joskow; Paul: “Asset specificity and the structure of vertical relations”, Journal of Law; Economics and Organization; 4:95~117 1988
  Klein; Benjamin: “Transaction cost determinants of unfair contractual arrangements”, American Economic Review; 70:356~362 1980
  Klein; Benjamin; R A Crawford And AAAlchian: “Vertical integration; appropriable rents and the petitive contracting process”, Journal of Law and Economics; 21:297~326 1978
  Knight; Frank H: “Review of Melville JHerskovits Economic Anthropology”, Journal of Political Economy49:247~258 1941
  Koopmans; Tjalling: “Concepts of optimality and their uses”, American Economic Review; 67:261~274 1977
  Kornai; Janos: “On the theory of economic sociali*”, In Benjamin Lippincott(ed)On the Economic Theory of Sociali*: 55~143Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 1986
  Light; Ivan: Ethnic Enterprise in America: Business and Welfare among Chinese; Japanese and Blacks; Berkeley; CA: University of Calfornia Press 1972
  Llewellyn; Karl N: “What price contract· An essay in perspective”, Yale Law Journal; 40:704~751 1931
  MacneilLan R: “The many futures of contracts”, Southern California Law Review; 47:691~816 1974
  MacneilLan R: “Contracts Adjustments of longterm economic relations under classical; neoclassical and relational contract law”, Northwestern University Law Review; 72:854~906 1978
  Malmgren; Harold: “Information; expectations and the theory of the firm”, Quarterly Journal of Economics; 75:399~421 1961
  Manne; Henry: “Our two corporation systems: Law and economics”, University of Virginia Law Review; 53:259~286 1967
  Masten; Scott: “Transaction costs; institutional choice and the theory of the firm”, Unpublished PhD University of Pennsylvanle 1982

比较经济组织:对离散组织结构选择的分析(19)
Masten; Scott:: “A legal basis for the firm”, Journal of Law; Economics and Organization; 4:181~198 1988
  Masten; Scott; James Meehan and Edward Snyder: “The costs of organization”, Journal of Law; Economics and Organization; Vol 7(in press) 1991
  Michelman; Frank: “Property; utility and fairness: The ethical foundations of just pensation law”, Harvard Law Review; 80:1165~1257 1967
  Milgrom; Paul; Douglass North; and Barry Weingast: “The role of institutions in the revival of trade”, Economics and Politics; 2:1~23 1990
  Montias; Michael: “The Structure of Economic Systems”, New H*en; CT: Yale University Press 1976
  Newman; Barry: “Poland’s farmers put the screws to leaders by holding back crops”, Wall Street Journal; October 25:A1 and A10 1989
  North; Douglass: “The new institutional economics”, Journal of Theoretical and Institutional Economics; 142:230~237 1986
  North; Douglass; and Barry Weingast: “Constitutions and mitment: The evolution of institutions governing public choice in 17th century England”, Journal of Economic History; 49:803~832 1989
  Polanyi; Michael: Personal Knowledge: Towards a PostCritical Philosophy; New York: Harper & Row 1962
  Riordan; Michael; and Oliver Williamson: “Asset specificity and economic organization”, International Journal of Industrial Organization; 3:365~378 1985
  Scott; W Richerd: Organizations; 2d ed; Englewood Cliffs; NJ: PrenticeHall 1987
  Shelanski; Howard: “A formal theory of the employment relation”,; Econometrica; 19:293305 1990
  Shelanski; Howard: “Rationality as process and as product of thought”, American Economic Review; 68:116 1978
  Teece; D*id J: “Profiting from technological innovation” Research Policy; 15 (December): 285~305 1986
  Ward; BN: The Socialist Economy: A Study of Organizational Alternatives New York: Random House 1967
  Williamson; Oliver E: Markets and Hierarchies; New York: Free Press1975
  Williamson; Oliver E: “Franchise bidding for natural monopoly…In general and with respect to CATV”, Bell Journal of Economics; 7:73~104 1976
  Williamson; Oliver E: “Transactioncost economics: The governance of contractual relations”, Journal of Law and Economics; 22:233~261 1979
  Williamson; Oliver E: “Credible mitments: Using hostages to support exchange”, American Economic Review; 73:519~540 1983
  Williamson; Oliver E: “The logic of economic organization”, Journal of Law; Economics and Organization4:65~93 1988
  Williamson; Oliver E: “Transaction cost economics” in Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig (eds)Handbook of Industrial Organization;1:136~182 1989
  Williamson; Oliver E: “Chester Barnard and the incipient science of organization”, In Oliver EWilliamson(ed); Organization Theory: 172~207New York: Oxford University Press 1990
  Williamson; Oliver E; 1991a: “Strategizing; economizing; and economic organization”, Strategic Management Journal (in press) 1991
  Williamson; Oliver E; 1991b: “Economic institutions: Spontaneous and intentional governance”, Journal of Law; Economics and Organization (in press) 1991
  书包 网 。 想看书来

可信的承诺:用抵押品支持交易(1)
第7章
  可信的承诺:用抵押品支持交易奥利佛·威廉姆森(OLIVER E WILLIAMSON)
  可信的承诺和可信的威胁具有以下共同特征:两者都与不可撤销的专用投资有关系。然而,可信的承诺是用来支持结盟、促进交易,可信的威胁则表现出冲突与竞争的特征。应该注意到,我使用威胁与承诺这两个术语与Curtis Eaton和Richard Lipscy(1981)的不一样。他们区分了空头威胁与可信威胁,并用承诺一词来指代后者。我认为,威胁很合适用做竞争的语言,而且应保留承诺一词来描述交易。因此,可信威胁与不可信威胁将在评估竞争行为时被区分开来。同样,可信承诺与不可信承诺则将在评价交易时被区分开来。联盟会使情况复杂化,因为联盟的组织牵扯到另外一方,这在总体上是有益的,但也不一定。比如,供应商可能形成一个相对于买方的联盟,并可能造成不利社会的结果。因此,同时支持交易又推动联盟的可信承诺有时候也需要进行权衡。前者涉及旨在维护关系的互惠行动,后者则是为抢先争取优势的单边努力。支持交易的努力一般是为效率服务的;相反,先发制人的投资通常会产生不良的社会效果。显然,两者对政治学和经济学都很重要,但是相对于可信的威胁来说,对可信承诺的研究更为基础。
  然而,对可信威胁的关注要比可信承诺广泛得多,而且,研究可信威胁的文献要比可信承诺发展得更为充分。最近在经济学中的应用涉及到为了阻止新的进入而进行的专用性资本投资(*inash;Dixit;1979;1982; Eaton and Lipsey;1981;Richard;Schmalensee;1981)。关于经济学文献中对声誉效应以及准可信性的讨论,参见D*id Kreps and Robert Wilson (1982); Paul Milgrom and John Roberts(1982); 和Williamson (1982b)这种不平衡与Thomas Schelling在其关于讨价还价的经典文献(1956)中对二者的论述是一致的,该文主要强调的是一方可以通过“绑住双手”来实现竞争优势的策略。但是Schelling也论述了承诺问题,尽管很简略。他察觉到“讨价还价可能要关注‘激励’制度和收益分配”(p300),他在一个脚注中补充道,早期交换抵押品是为了提供激励(p300;fn17)。
  对

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